– Introduction

– The Basic Issues

• Sustainable Development and Environmental Accounting

• Population, Resources, and the Environment

• Poverty and Environment

• Growth versus the Environment

• Rural Development and the Environment

• Urban Development and the Environment

• The Global Environment

– Consequences of Environmental Damage

– The Indian Case

• Consequences of Environmental Plunder

– Public Policy

– Introduction

– The Basic Issues

• Sustainable Development and Environmental Accounting

• Population, Resources, and the Environment

• Poverty and Environment

• Growth versus the Environment

• Rural Development and the Environment

• Urban Development and the Environment

• The Global Environment

– Consequences of Environmental Damage

– The Indian Case

• Consequences of Environmental Plunder

– Public Policy

– Introduction

– The Relative Importance of Various Industrial Activities

• Composition of National Income

– The Working Force

– The Agrarian Scene

• Stagnating Agriculture

• Causes

– India’s Industrial Production and its Structure

• India’s Industrial Resources

• The Decline of Traditional Industry and the Development of Modern Industry

• Some other Economic Indicators of Economic Backwardness

– Some Positive Features

– Evolution of Planning

– Structural Constraints and the Development Strategy

– Role of the State as Visualised in the Fifties

– Evolution of Strategy and Priorities

– Changing Perceptions

– The Role of Planning

• Redefining the Role of State

– The Government, the State and the Market

– Cooperative Action

– Debate on Liberalisation

– Economic Reform

• The Background

• The Macroeconomic Crisis

• Rationale for the Reforms

• Macroeconomic Reforms

• Structural Reforms

– Implementation of the Agenda

– Removal of QRs

– National Structural Adjustment Programme

– Safety Net

• Macroeconomic Impact of Reforms

• Fiscal Adjustment and Stabilisation

• Political Resistance to Reform

• Concerns Regarding Social and Political Implications of Reform

• Impact of the New Economic Policy on the Vulnerable Sections

• Conclusion

– The Next Round of Reforms

– The Performance

– Two Phases of Growth

– Assessment of Performance

– Causal Factors

– What Next?

– Sectoral Composition of Real GDP

– Inter-regional Disparities in Growth and Development

• Implications of Inter-state Inequality

• Sectoral Composition of Growth

• Causal Factors

– Investment

° Planning and Public Investment

° Private Investment

– Technical Change

– Institutions and Governance

– The Way Ahead

– Conclusion

– Land Systems at the Time of Independence

• Feudal Agrarian Structure

– Policies for Restructuring Agrarian Relations

• Economic Arguments in Favour of Land Reform

• Abolition of Intermediaries

• Ceiling on Land Holdings

• Tenancy Reforms

• Consolidation of Holdings

• Co-operative Farming

– Impact of Structural Reorganisation

– Emerging Perspectives and Policy Issues

– Land Reforms: Approach Paper to the Eleventh Plan

– Evolution of Industrial Control Regime

– Performance of the Industrial Licensing System

– New Economic Policy

– Towards Faster and More Inclusive Growth

– Strengths of the Economy

– Some Major Challenges

• Regaining Agricultural Dynamism

• Changing Employment Patterns

• Providing Essential Public Services for the Poor

• Increasing Manufacturing Competitiveness

• Developing Human Resources

• Protecting the Environment

• Improving Rehabilitation and Resettlement Practices

• Improving Governance

• Disparities and Divides

– Population and Labour Force Projections

– Concepts and Measurement

– Measurement of Employment and Unemployment

– Recent Trends in Employment and Unemployment Situation

• Employment and Unemployment (60th Round of NSSO)

• Results of 61st Round of NSSO Survey

– Indian Labour Laws and Labour Markets

– Strategies and Policies for Employment Generation

• Eleventh Plan Approach Paper on Employment

• Promoting Employment Generation

° Changing Employment Patterns

° Employment Generating Sectors

– Magnitude and Determinants

• The Selection of Poverty Lines

– State Level Poverty Ratios

– Basic Minimum Services

– Policy

• Flaws in Policies and Programmes

– Targeting

– Accountability

– Role of NGOs and Voluntary Organisations

– Growth and Poverty

– Economic Development and Population Growth

• The Theory of Demographic Transition

• The Micro Economic Theory of Fertility

• How Does Population Growth Affect Economic Development

– Population and Labour Force Projections

– The Ongoing Demographic Transition: Challenges and Opportunities

– Demographic Trends in India

• Period of Low Population Growth

• Period of Rapid Growth and Population Explosion

• Period of Some Decline in Rate of Growth 1981 Onwards

– Trends in Birth and Death Rates

• Causes of High Birth Rate

° Social Factors

° Economic Factors

• Fertility Rate

• Causes of Decline in Death Rate

° Control of Epidemics

° Control of Famines

° Improved Medical Facilities

° Spread of Maternity Homes

° Impact of Economic Development

• Meaures to Reduce Birth Rate

– Family Planning/Family Welfare Programmes

– Progress of Health and Family Welfare Programmes

– India and World Population

• Possible Pathways to a Faster Decline in Fertility

° Urbanisation

° Literacy

° The Status of Indian Women

– Age Distribution of the Indian Population

• Policy Shift Essential to Check Population Growth

° System of Incentives and Disincentives

• National Population Policy 2000

– Implications of Mortality Decline for the Future

– Importance of Agriculture in National Economy

• Agriculture as a Source of Employment

• Linkage between Agriculture and Other Sectors

– Productivity in Indian Agriculture

• Low Levels of Productivity

• Causes of Low Productivity

– General Causes

– Institutional Causes

– Technological Factors

– The Institutional Context

– The New Technology

– Characteristics of New Technology

• Better Agricultural Practices

• Economic Aspects of New Technology

– Green Revolution

• First Phase: Increase in Public Investment in Agriculture

• Second Phase of Green Revolution

– Periodisation of Growth Rate

– Productivity

• The Role of Technology in Indian Agriculture

– Small Size of Farms

• Instability in Output

• Regional Disparities and Intrapersonal Disparities

• New Technology and Environmental Degradation

– Limits to Growth: Some Tentative Evidence

• Deceleration in Agriculture Growth

• Major Factors Affecting the Growth Potential

° Lack of Long-term Policy Perspective

° Neglect of Capital Formation

° Lagging Research and Development Efforts

° Rising Soil Degradation and Over-exploitation of Groundwater

– Farm Subsidies versus Investment

• Rationalising Subsidies and Strengthening Input and Support Services

– The National Agriculture Policy 2000

– Policies for Accelerating Agricultural Growth (Approach Paper to the 11th Plan)

• Demand Side Intervention

• Supply Side Strategy

• Agricultural Research

• Water Management and Irrigation

• Animal Husbandry and Fishery

– Pre-green Revolution

– Green Revolution

– Post-reform Revolution

– Emergence of Foodgrain Surpluses

– Policy Framework for the Future

– Towards Elimination of Hunger and Malnutrition

• Hunger

• Calorie Deprivation

• Nutritional Security

• Economic Policies

– Programme Interventions

• Public Distribution System

– The Way Forward

• Availability

• Stability in Supplies

• Ensuring Access to Food

• Nutritional Security

– Agricultural Price Policy

– Procurement

– Buffer Stock

– Minimum Support Prices

– Economic Cost of Foodgrains

– Central Issue Price

– Food Subsidy

– Food Security

– Projections of 11th Plan Outlays

– Emerging Trends and Impact of Globalisation

– Major Issues in the Context of Globalisation

– Extent and Pattern of Industrialisation during the British Rule

– Industrial Control Regime

• Performance of the Industrial Licensing System

– The Policy Regime in the 1990s

– New Economic Policy

– Opening up to Foreign Investment

– Industrial Policy Reforms

– Public Sector Reforms, Privatisation and Infrastructure

– Industrial Growth

– Phases of Industrial Growth

• Industrial Growth in the 90s

• Comparative Growth Rates in the 80s and the 90s

° Relative Contribution of Sectors to Total Production

– Profile of Industrial Growth

• Fall in Potential as well as Actual Industrial Growth

• Shift in Favour of Registered Manufacturing

• Decline in Employment Growth in Organised Manufacturing

• The Stagnant Share of Manufactuing Sector

° The Manufacturing Slowdown

• Factors Causing the Industrial Slowdown: Some Hypotheses

° Infrastructure Constraints in the Industrial Sector

• Summing Up (1992-93 to 2001-02)

• Recovery in Industrial Growth since 2002-03

– The Rationale

– Growth in Investment in Central Government Enterprises

– Role of Public Sector

• Public Sector and Employment

• Share of the Public Sector in GDP

• Share of the Public Sector in Savings and Capital Formation

– Performance of Public Enterprises

– New Directions of Policy: 1991 Industrial Policy

• Highlights of CPSE Performance in 2005-06

• Disinvestment of Public Sector Shareholding

• Issue of Privatisation

• Issues in Disinvestment in India

• Disinvestment: Policy and Practice

• Disinvestment Strategies

• Welfare Gains from Privatisation of Profitable PSEs

– Conclusion

– Small Industry

• Rationale for Supporting Small-scale Enterprises

• Definition of Small-scale Industries

• Small-scale Reservation Policy

• Spatial Distribution of SSEs

• Impact of SSI Reservation on Exports

– New Small Enterprise Policy

• Small and Tiny Enterprises

• Village Industries

– Performance of Small-scale Industries

– Introduction

– Foreign Capital versus Export-led Growth

– The Debate on the Role of Foreign Capital

• Foreign Direct Investment

• Portfolio Capital

• External Aid

• Commercial Debt Capital

– Capital Flows and Growth in India: The Recent Experience

• FDI Policy: A Historical Perspective

– First Phase 1950-1967

– Second Phase 1967-1980

– Third Phase 1980-1990

– Fourth Phase–1991 Onwards

– Trends in FDI—In the 1990s

– Changes in Sectoral Composition

– Changes in the Sources of FDI

– Pattern of FDI by Type of Approvals

– Comparative Performance of India and China

– Impact of FDI

• Impact of FDI: Performance of FDI-Companies in India

– Towards a Realistic FDI Policy

– Summary and Conclusion

– Growth and Sectoral Shares, Cross Country Evidence and Indian Experience

• Share of Services in GDP

• Share of Services in Employment

– Which Services Have Grown Rapidly?

• Fast Growers

• Trend Growers

• Contribution of Fast and Trend Growers to Services Growth

– Factors Underlying the Services Growth

• External Demand for Services

– Structure of India’s Services Exports

• Services Trade

– Summing Up

– Financial Sector Development in India

• Institutional Structure

• Capital Markets

• Strategy of Development

– Directions of Reforms

• Administered Structure of Interest Rate

• Autonomy, Prudential Regulations and Supervision

• 1991 and After: The Reform Years

• Role of Competition

• Capital Adequacy and Government Ownership in the Banking Sector

– Some Perspective for the Future of the Indian Financial System

– Lessons from the Indian Experience

– Conclusion

– Constraints Arising from Foreign Trade and Import Substitution based Policies

– Inward Looking Strategy

– Broad Trends: Exports and Imports

• Exports

– Factors for Export Growth since 2002-03

• Imports

– Factors for Imports Growth

– Changing Structure of India’s Foreign Trade

• Comparison between 90’s and 80’s

– Trade GDP Ratio

– Trade Deficit-GDP Ratio

– Structural Change in Exports

• Changes in Terms of Broad Categories

• Commodity Composition: Exports

• Move Towards Value-addition

• Moving Away from Traditional Exports Towards New Manufactured Products

– India’s Share in Global Exports: Compositional Change

– Commodity Composition of Imports

– Direction of Foreign Trade

• Direction of Exports

• Direction of Imports

– Summing Up

– Balance of Trade

• India’s Balance of Trade

• Causes of Unfavourable Balance of Trade

– Large Increase in Imports

– Modest Growth in Exports

° External Factors

° Internal Factors

– Measures to Correct Deficit in Balance of Trade

° Restrictions on Imports

° Export Promotion

– Concepts

– Trade Policy: An Overview

– The Political Economy of the Foreign Exchange Regimes

– Trade Policy since 1991

– India’s Balance of Payment Trends 1950-2000

• The Decades of Fifties and Sixties

• Balance of Payments in the Seventies

° A Decade of Comfort

• Balance of Payments up to 1981-82

° The Period of Difficulties

• Balance of Payments during 1982-83 to 1984-85

° Easing of Pressure

• Balance of Payments during 1985-1990

° The Build-up to the Crisis

° The Crisis: 1990-1992

• Balance of Payments during 1993-94 to 2005-06

° Invisibles

– Capital Account, External Debt and Exchange Rate

• Approach, Developments and Issues

– Foreign Investment

• Magnitude

• Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

• NRI Deposits

– External Commercial Borrowings

– Decline in Foreign Aid

– Impact of Reforms on BoP

– External Debt Management

– Exchange Rate Management

• Transition to Market Determined Exchange Rate System

– Foreign Exchange Reserves: Approach, Developments and Issues

– Summing Up

– World Trade Organization

– India and the WTO

– India at WTO Meetings

• Singapore WTO Conference (December 2005)

– And After (July 24, 2006)