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1. Introduction
Externality
Regulatory Approach
Economic Approaches
International and Domestic Support for Economic
Instruments
2. Design and Implementation of Ecotaxes
Why Ecotaxes?
Coverage and Design Issues
International Experience
Scope of the Study
3. Coal
Introduction
Production
Coal Demand Forecast
Imports and Exports
Pricing
Royalty on Coal
Environmental Problems
Inferior Coal and Beneficiated Coal
Coal Cess Based on Cost of Beneficiation
Proposed Rates of Ecocess on Coal
Estimate of Revenue from Ecocess
Clean Coal Fund
Conclusion
4. Automobiles
Introduction
Vehicular Pollution in India
Ecotax Proposals in the Interim Report
Comments on the Interim Report by SIAM and
Modifications in the Proposals
In-use Vehicles
Recommendations
5. Chlorine Use in Pulp and Paper and Viscose Rayon
Industries
Introduction
Industry Structure
Cost Aspects
Central Excise Duty on Paper
Chlorine Production and Use
Environmental Impact of Chlorine
Comments by Industry
Viscose Rayon
Recommendations
6. Phosphate Based Detergents
Introduction
Detergent Industry
Use of Phosphates
Sodium Tri-Poly Phosphate (STPP)
Detergent Use in India
Regulatory Approaches
Experiences in Other Countries
Alternatives to Phosphates
Central Excise Duty
Comments by Detergent Manufacturers
Recommendations
7. Chemical Pesticides and Biopesticides
Introduction
Pesticide Production in India
Pesticide Use in India
Pesticide Resistance
Toxic Residues in Food
Occupational Exposure
Registration and Licensing of Pesticides
Pricing of Pesticides
The Biopesticide Market
Botanical Pesticides
Acceptance of Biopesticides by Farmers
Recommendations
8. Fertilisers
Introduction
Fertiliser Use in India
Fertiliser Consumption Per Hectare
Fertiliser Pricing Policy
Problems to be Considered
Nitrate Pollution
Biofertilisers
Factors Favouring and Limiting the Use of Biofertilisers
Fertiliser Taxes in Other Countries
Comments by the Fertiliser Association of India
Recommendations
9. Lead Acid Batteries
Indian Battery Industry
Indian Lead Sector
Health Effects of Lead
Why Dealers Sell Battery Scrap to Traders and not Battery
Manufacturers
Salient Features of Batteries (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2001
The Main Issues at Hand
Measures to Control Environmental Pollution from
Batteries: International Experience
Recommendations
Revenue Implications
10. Plastics
Introduction
Background
Recycling
Plastic Wastes
Biodegradability
Bioplastics as an Alternative
Other Disposal Options
Government Initiatives
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Ecotaxes on Plastic Bags
Discussions with the Plastics Manufacturers Association
Recommendations
11. Summary
Coal
Automobiles
Chlorine
Detergents
Pesticides
Fertilisers
Lead Acid Batteries
Plastics
References
Index
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